Exploring the History of Postal Cancellations
Postal cancellations have a rich history that dates back to the earliest years of the United States. The evolution of postal cancellations is a fascinating journey that sheds light on the development of the postal system and the philatelic world.
Starting with the colonial postal system in the mid-1700s, handwritten markings and straight line city marks were used to identify the origin of the mail. As the postal system grew, hand stamps and postmarks were introduced to mark the mail. The introduction of postage stamps in 1847 necessitated the use of cancellations to prevent stamp reuse. Over time, various types of cancellations, including fancy cancels, were developed, adding a unique touch to philatelic history.
Key Takeaways:
- The history of postal cancellations stretches back to the earliest years of the United States
- The colonial postal system used handwritten markings and city marks to identify the origin of the mail
- The introduction of postage stamps in 1847 led to the need for cancellations to prevent stamp reuse
- Fancy cancels are unique and intricate designs that provide a glimpse into the philatelic evolution
- Exploring the history of postal cancellations is a captivating journey for philatelists and enthusiasts
Early Postal Systems in the United States
Before the United States became a country, the colonial postal system played a crucial role in handling the correspondence of colonial government officials. Private letters exchanged between colonists and their loved ones in Europe were often carried outside of the colonial system. During this period, postal markings mainly consisted of handwritten city names and dates, with larger cities using hand stamps sparingly. To save on paper expenses, letters were often folded and sealed without envelopes.
Despite the simplicity of these early postal markings, they served the purpose of identifying the origin of the mail. Handwritten markings and straight line city marks were sufficient for most mail sent within the colonies.
Establishment of the United States Postal System
The American provisional postal system traces its roots back to 1775, when it was established as a defiant response to the British system. At the helm of this revolutionary development was none other than Benjamin Franklin, who was appointed as the Postmaster General.
In 1788, Congress took a significant step forward by officially adopting the temporary postal act, marking the birth of the United States postal system. This act laid the foundation for the future of mail delivery and postal services in the newly-formed nation.
Initially, post offices were situated inside banks, taverns, and stores, with employees of these establishments assuming the roles of postmasters and postal clerks. With limited postal equipment available, the majority of correspondence was processed and marked by postal clerks using traditional pen and ink methods.
Understanding the historical context behind the establishment of the American provisional postal system and the subsequent adoption of the temporary postal act sheds light on the development and evolution of the postal system in the United States.
Evolution of Postmarks and Cancellations
As the US postal system matured, post offices acquired additional hand stamps and postmark devices to streamline the marking of letters. With the introduction of postage stamps in 1847, the need for cancellations arose to prevent the reuse of stamps. Initially, cancellations were done manually using pen and ink. However, the use of hand stamps, including Circular Date Stamps (CDS), became more prevalent in canceling and postmarking letters.
Hand stamps served the dual purpose of postmarking the letter and canceling the stamp. They not only indicated the date and location of posting but also invalidated the stamp to prevent its reuse. This innovation in the postal system helped regulate postage rates and maintain accurate records of mail delivery.
“The introduction of hand stamps and postmark devices revolutionized the efficiency of the postal system. By implementing canceling mechanisms, the US Postal Service ensured that postage rates were correctly accounted for and stamps were rendered unusable after initial use.” – Postal Historian
Prior to the introduction of hand stamps, manuscript rates and cancels were used. Postal clerks would mark the postage rate directly on the letter and validate it with a handwritten cancel. However, as the volume of mail increased, machine-applied cancels gradually replaced these manual methods for faster processing and improved accuracy.
To visualize the evolution of postmarks and cancellations, take a look at the example below:
Timeline of Postmark and Cancellation Evolution:
- Handwritten markings and manuscript rates
- Introduction of hand stamps and Circular Date Stamps (CDS)
- Use of hand stamps for postmarking and stamp cancellation
- Gradual transition to machine-applied cancels
The evolution of postmarks and cancellations in the US postal system showcases the continuous innovation and adaptation to meet the demands of a growing nation.
Types of Cancellations
When it comes to postal cancellations, there are three main types that philatelists should be familiar with: fancy cancels, pen cancels, and machine cancels.
Fancy cancels are unique and eye-catching designs that were carved by postal clerks during the late 1800s. These cancellations added an artistic touch to envelopes and stamps, making them stand out from the rest. Collectors often find the intricate patterns and motifs of fancy cancels intriguing and seek them out for their collections.
Pen cancels, as the name suggests, involved the use of a pen or another writing instrument to mark a stamp as used. Postal clerks would simply draw lines or cross out the stamp to indicate that it had been canceled. While pen cancels may not be as visually striking as fancy cancels, they still hold historical significance and have their own charm.
Machine cancels gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the introduction of automated cancellation and postmark machines. Different companies competed for contracts with the US Postal Service, resulting in a wide variety of machine cancels. These cancels were applied quickly and efficiently by the machines, ensuring that stamps were properly canceled and ready for reuse prevention.
Each type of cancellation offers its own unique appeal and collecting opportunities. Whether you’re drawn to the artistic beauty of fancy cancels, the simplicity of pen cancels, or the industrial efficiency of machine cancels, exploring these different types can enhance your understanding of postal history.
Collectors of postal cancellations often find joy in discovering the various types and styles that have emerged throughout history. From the elaborate designs of fancy cancels to the simple markings of pen cancels, and the efficiency of machine cancels, each cancellation tells a story and contributes to the rich tapestry of philatelic history.
Postmarks vs. Cancellations
Postmarks and cancellations are often used interchangeably in conversation, but they serve different purposes in the world of philately. Understanding the distinction between these two markings is crucial for collectors and enthusiasts alike.
A postmark is a marking applied to an envelope or package, showcasing the date and location from which it was mailed. It provides a glimpse into the journey of the mail, indicating its point of origin and the exact moment it entered the postal system. Postmarks are typically applied to the envelope or package itself, ensuring its visibility even after the contents have been removed. These marks not only serve as evidence of mailing but also contribute to the story and historical significance of the piece.
“Postmarks allow us to trace the steps of a letter, to imagine the hands that touched it and the journey it embarked upon.” – Philatelic Enthusiast
On the other hand, a cancellation is a mark applied directly to a stamp to prevent its reuse. The main purpose of a cancellation is to invalidate the stamp, ensuring that it cannot be used again for postage. Cancellations essentially “cancel out” the stamp, making it invalid while preserving the integrity of the postal system. These marks are typically applied through ink or perforations, rendering the stamp unusable while still allowing for the postmark to be legible.
It’s important to note that postmarks can extend into the stamp area, technically canceling the stamp as well. This dual purpose served to enhance the legibility of the postmark while preventing the reuse of stamps. Over time, the development of cancellations became crucial in the prevention of stamp reuse, ultimately improving the efficiency and legitimacy of the postal system.
In summary, while postmarks and cancellations are closely related, they embody distinct functions within the realm of philately. Postmarks provide valuable information about the mailing process, showcasing the date and location of origin. Cancellations, on the other hand, are specifically designed to render stamps unusable, contributing to the prevention of stamp reuse and the overall integrity of the postal system.
Handstamps and Machine Usage
Handstamps and postmark machines played a crucial role in the application of cancellations and postmarks, marking an important milestone in the postal system’s evolution. Initially, handstamp devices were crafted from cork or wood, enabling postal clerks to mark letters with efficiency and accuracy. As technology advanced, metal die and metal duplex postmark devices were introduced, allowing for more consistent and legible markings.
During the late 1800s, rubber handstamps, popularly known as Doane cancels, gained popularity for their durability and ease of use. They offered postal clerks a reliable tool for applying cancellations and postmarks consistently.
Handstamp devices have been a vital tool for postal clerks, ensuring the efficient and accurate application of cancellations and postmarks.
In the late 19th century, machine cancellations and postmarks revolutionized the postal industry. Various companies competed for contracts with the US Postal Service, leading to the development of robust postmark machines. These machines automated the canceling and postmarking processes, enabling faster mail processing and improving overall efficiency.
The introduction of machine cancellations and postmarks marked a significant advancement in the postal system’s productivity and effectiveness.
With the use of postmark machines, postal clerks could handle a higher volume of mail and reduce manual labor. These machines streamlined the cancellations and postmarking process, ensuring that stamps were adequately canceled to prevent their reuse.
The utilization of handstamp devices and machine cancellations revolutionized the postal industry, making it more efficient and reliable. These advancements continue to play a vital role in the modern postal system, facilitating the smooth delivery of mail to this day.
Contemporary Cancellations and Postmarks
Modern mail sorting and postmarking have undergone significant advancements with the use of large machines like the Automatic Facer-Canceller (AFC). These machines utilize ultraviolet light to detect phosphorescent coatings on stamps and efficiently apply postmarks. Through this process, contemporary cancels, often adorned with slogans or brief messages, are created.
In addition to the creative aspects, some countries have adopted the practice of using different postmark calendars. These calendars showcase unique designs and themes for postmarks, further adding to the diversity within the field of postal history.
Collecting contemporary cancels offers philatelists a captivating glimpse into more recent postal history. It allows enthusiasts to observe firsthand the evolution of canceling and postmarking technology in the modern era. Moreover, it serves as a testament to the ongoing innovation and development in the field.
Let us now take a moment to appreciate a contemporary cancel:
“I love collecting contemporary cancels as they reflect the vibrancy and creativity of our present postal system. Each cancel tells a unique story, and it’s fascinating to see the various themes and messages that are incorporated.”_John Anderson, Philatelist
The AFC Machine in Action
The image above demonstrates the Automatic Facer-Canceller machine, which utilizes ultraviolet detection to accurately apply postmarks on stamps. This advanced technology ensures efficient sorting and postmarking, while also preventing stamp reuse. It’s interesting to note how far the field of postal marking and canceling has come with modern innovations like ultraviolet detection.
Collecting Ideas and Reference Materials
Collecting postal history, including cancellations and postmarks, can be an exciting and fulfilling hobby for philatelists. Whether you’re a seasoned collector or just starting out, there are numerous ideas and reference materials available to enhance your collection.
Collecting Cancellations
If you have a specific interest in cancellations, consider focusing on particular types, such as fancy cancels. Fancy cancels are unique and intricately designed cancellations that add a distinct charm to your collection. They can feature various shapes, symbols, or images, creating a visually captivating display.
Another approach to collecting cancellations is to explore postmarks from different time periods or locations. By collecting postmarks from various cities, states, or countries, you can document the postal history in a comprehensive and diverse manner.
Reference Materials for Philatelists
Having access to reliable and informative reference materials is essential for collectors. These resources can help you identify, classify, and value different cancellations and postmarks in your collection. Fortunately, there is a wide range of reference materials available:
- Catalogs: Philatelic catalogs provide comprehensive listings of stamps, cancellations, and postmarks, along with relevant information about their history, rarity, and value. Popular catalogs include the Scott Catalog and the Stanley Gibbons Catalog.
- Books and Guides: Many books and guides focus specifically on postal history, cancellations, and postmarks. These publications often provide detailed insights into the evolution of postal systems and the different types of cancellations used throughout history. Some notable books in this field include “The Postal History of the United States” by Richard C. Frajola and “Postmarks: Postal History of Honolulu” by Robert H. Barker.
- Online Resources: The internet offers a wealth of information for philatelists. Online forums, websites, and databases allow collectors to interact, share knowledge, and access digitized collections. Websites such as StampWorld and Stamporama provide valuable resources on postal history, including images of various cancellations and postmarks.
By utilizing these reference materials, you can deepen your understanding of postal history, accurately identify different cancellations and postmarks, and make informed decisions when valuing your collection.
“Collecting postal history is like embarking on a journey through time. Each cancellation and postmark tells a unique story, connecting us to the past and the people who sent and received these letters.”
– Richard C. Frajola, philatelist
So, whether you collect cancellations, postmarks, or both, there is a vast and fascinating world of postal history waiting to be explored. With the help of reference materials, you can build a comprehensive collection that reflects the rich and diverse heritage of the postal system.
Conclusion
Exploring the history of postal cancellations reveals the evolution of the postal system and the various methods used to mark mail and prevent stamp reuse. From handwritten city marks to elaborate fancy cancels, the development of cancellations and postmarks provides insight into the philatelic evolution of the United States.
Collectors can delve into this history by focusing on specific types of cancellations or postmarks and consult reference materials to enhance their collection. The journey through postal history is a fascinating one that continues to captivate collectors and enthusiasts alike.
