A Brief History of Gum in Stamp Production
Gum is a crucial component in the production of postage stamps that enables them to adhere to letters and other mailed items. Its role in philately is of utmost importance. The use of gum in stamp production can be traced back to the invention of the postage stamp in 1837 by Rowland Hill. The world’s first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black, was introduced with gum, marking the beginning of a remarkable journey.
Since then, the gumming process has undergone significant evolution. Early stamps were gummed by hand, with meticulous brush or roller application. Over time, advancements in technology led to the introduction of machine gumming by De La Rue in 1880, revolutionizing the process and allowing for faster and more efficient production.
Various types of gum have been used in stamp production, including gum arabic, dextrin, glue, and polyvinyl alcohol. These gums offer different properties and appearances, ranging from nearly invisible to dark brown globs. Some stamps even feature gum applied in patterns resembling watermarks as an additional security feature.
The impact of gum in stamp collecting cannot be overstated. Collectors value mint stamps with full, undamaged original gum, and the condition of the gum significantly affects the value of unused stamps. The preservation of gum poses challenges to collectors, as it can crack, curl, discolor, and attract vermin. However, proper stamp mounting and storage techniques can help mitigate these risks.
As the future of gum in stamp production remains uncertain, advancements in gum formulation continue to improve its quality and durability. Nevertheless, research and development efforts are ongoing to explore alternative methods of affixing stamps to envelopes that may alleviate preservation challenges.
Key Takeaways:
- Gum is the substance applied to the back of stamps for adhesion.
- The use of gum in stamp production dates back to the invention of the postage stamp.
- Various types of gum, such as gum arabic and polyvinyl alcohol, have been used.
- Gum plays a significant role in stamp collecting and affects the value of stamps.
- The preservation of gum presents challenges to stamp collectors.
The Evolution of Gum Application Techniques
In the early days of stamp production, gum was applied to stamps by hand using a brush or roller. However, in 1880, De La Rue introduced a machine gumming process using a printing press, which revolutionized the gumming process. This allowed for faster and more efficient gum application.
Modern stamp printing is typically done on pre-gummed paper, eliminating the need for post-printing gumming. Despite advancements in gum application techniques, the problem of stamps curling due to the different reaction of paper and gum to varying moisture levels persists. Various methods have been used to address this issue, such as pressing a pattern of small squares into the gum or slicing the gum with knives. However, the problem of curling stamps remains a challenge in stamp production.
Types of Gum Used in Stamp Production
Multiple types of gum have been used in stamp production. These gums are carefully chosen based on factors such as availability, cost, and desired properties. Let’s take a closer look at some of the common types of gum used in stamp production:
Gum Arabic
Gum arabic, derived from the acacia plant, has long been a popular choice in stamp production. It offers excellent adhesive properties and is known for its clear, colorless appearance when applied to stamps.
Dextrin
Another type of gum used in stamp production is dextrin. Dextrin is produced by heating starch and offers good adhesive qualities. It is often used as an alternative to gum arabic.
Glue
While rarely seen in modern stamp production, glue made from gelatin has been occasionally used in the past. Gelatin-based glue provides strong adhesion, but it is more prone to discoloration over time.
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Polyvinyl alcohol is another type of gum that has found its way into stamp production. Known for its excellent water solubility and adhesive properties, polyvinyl alcohol is often used in self-adhesive stamps.
The appearance of the gum can vary based on the type and method of application. Some gums, such as gum arabic or dextrin, may be nearly invisible when dry, while others may appear as dark brown globs. In some cases, gum has been applied in patterns resembling watermarks, providing an additional security feature to stamps.
Understanding the types of gum used in stamp production can offer insights into the adhesive qualities and visual characteristics of stamps. It is one of the many factors that stamp collectors and philatelists consider when assessing the value and desirability of stamps.
The Impact of Gum on Stamp Collecting
Gum plays a significant role in stamp collecting. Mint stamps with full, undamaged original gum are highly sought after by collectors. The condition of the gum is reflected in the valuation of unused stamps. Stamps with full, original gum are considered more desirable and fetch higher prices compared to stamps with damaged or regummed gum. Regumming, the practice of adding gum to stamps that originally had no gum or had damaged gum, is a deceptive practice that collectors need to be aware of. Gum condition can be used to differentiate between common and rare stamps and can affect the value of a stamp. Collectors strive to maintain the integrity of the backing gum, as stamps without gum are considered less desirable.
The Challenges of Gum in Stamp Preservation
Gum presents unique challenges when it comes to preserving stamps for the long term. The formulation of the gum can have various effects on the stamps, including cracking, curling, discoloration, and even attracting vermin. These factors can not only compromise the appearance of the stamps but also cause damage to the delicate stamp paper itself. To ensure the preservation of stamps with gum, stamp collectors must take extra precautions.
One important aspect of gum preservation is proper stamp mounting techniques. Stamps should be carefully mounted using acid-free mounts or hinges to prevent any damage to the gum or paper. When cutting mounts, collectors should exercise caution to avoid accidentally damaging the stamps.
Storage is another critical factor in preserving gummed stamps. Stamps should be stored in specialized albums or stock books that provide protection from moisture, light, and dust. Excessive moisture can cause the gum to leach under the divided back of a mount, disturbing the gum on stamps and potentially leading to damage.
To provide a visually appealing and informative presentation, here is a table highlighting the dos and don’ts of stamp preservation with gum:
| Do | Don’t |
|---|---|
| Use acid-free mounts or hinges | Use regular tape or adhesives |
| Store stamps in specialized albums or stock books | Store stamps in humid or sunlight-exposed areas |
| Handle stamps with clean hands or stamp tongs | Lick the gum or handle stamps with dirty hands |
| Cut mounts carefully to avoid damaging stamps | Use scissors or sharp objects near stamps |
Gum quality and durability have improved over the years, but there is still a risk of gum-related issues in the future. Collectors must remain vigilant in their preservation efforts to ensure that gummed stamps retain their value and appearance over time.
Identifying Regummed Stamps
Regumming is a common practice in stamp collecting where stamps are artificially given full, original gum to increase their value. While detecting regummed stamps can be challenging, it is not impossible. To identify regummed stamps, it is crucial to have knowledge of the characteristics of the original gum.
Examining various gum characteristics can help in spotting regummed stamps:
- Color: Original gum may have a specific color associated with it, depending on the type of gum used. Any deviation from the expected color can be an indication of regumming.
- Appearance: The overall appearance of the gum can provide clues. Original gum is typically applied evenly and uniformly, while regumming may result in an uneven or inconsistent application.
- Gum Breakers: Original gum may have visible gum breakers, which are small breaks in the gum pattern designed to reduce curling. The absence or presence of gum breakers can help differentiate between original gum and regummed stamps.
- Excess Gum: Excessive gum around the perforation holes or stiff perforation tips can indicate regumming. Original gum is usually applied with precision and does not extend beyond the designated areas.
For collectors who prefer stamps with full, original gum, seeking certification from reputable expertizing services can ensure the authenticity of the gum.
Gumming Techniques for Curved Sheets
The introduction of rotary press printing revolutionized stamp production by allowing stamps to be printed on rolls of paper. However, when these rolls were cut down into sheets, a problem arose— the sheets tended to curl back into their original rolled form due to the gumming process. This posed a challenge for stamp production as curved sheets were difficult to handle and process.
To address this issue, gum breakers were introduced as a solution. Gum breakers are small breaks or interruptions in the gum of the stamp that help reduce curling. They are strategically placed at specific intervals to create breaks in the gum layer, allowing the stamps to lie flat. These breaks in the gum layer also facilitate the addition of pre-cancels, which can be easily applied without any disruption caused by curling.
There are three main types of gum breakers commonly used in stamp production:
- Type 1: This type of gum breaker consists of evenly spaced lines or grooves across the gum layer. The lines or grooves help to disrupt the continuity of the gum and minimize curling.
- Type 2: Type 2 gum breakers consist of small perforations or punctures in the gum layer. These punctures create micro-breaks in the gum, reducing the overall curling of the final sheets.
- Type 3: Type 3 gum breakers are a combination of types 1 and 2, featuring both lines or grooves and small perforations. This combination provides enhanced control over the curling of the sheets.
The use of gum breakers has significantly improved the handling of curved sheets in stamp production. By reducing curling, gum breakers ensure that the sheets remain flat, allowing for easier processing and more precise printing. Additionally, the presence of gum breakers enables the seamless addition of pre-cancels, enhancing the efficiency of the stamp production process.
| Type of Gum Breaker | Description |
|---|---|
| Type 1 | Evenly spaced lines or grooves across the gum layer |
| Type 2 | Small perforations or punctures in the gum layer |
| Type 3 | Combination of lines or grooves and small perforations |
Gumming Challenges in Self-Adhesive Stamps
The introduction of self-adhesive stamps in the 1960s revolutionized the way stamps were affixed to envelopes, eliminating the need for moisture. Initially, self-adhesive stamps were equipped with insoluble gum, making them difficult to remove once applied. This presented a challenge for collectors who wanted to collect used examples of self-adhesive stamps.
However, over time, improvements in gum formulation have made self-adhesive stamps soakable to a certain extent, enabling collectors to remove the stamps without causing significant damage. Nonetheless, caution must be exercised when handling self-adhesive stamps as the gum can cause mottling of the stamp paper, affecting their overall appearance.
The long-term effects of self-adhesive gum on stamp preservation are still a subject of concern. Collectors and philatelists are keenly monitoring the impact of gum formulation on the longevity and condition of self-adhesive stamps.
| Gumming Challenges in Self-Adhesive Stamps | Impact | Potential Solutions |
|---|---|---|
| Difficulty in gum removal | Integrity of stamps compromised if not handled with care | Use of specialized tools, such as stamp tongs, to gently lift the stamps from envelopes |
| Appearance of mottling on stamp paper | Affects the visual appeal and value of stamps | Careful preservation and storage in acid-free albums to minimize contact with moisture |
| Long-term impact on stamp preservation | Risk of gum deterioration and potential damage to stamp paper | Ongoing research to develop improved gum formulations that ensure long-term preservation |
Although self-adhesive stamps have revolutionized stamp affixing, collectors and philatelists remain cautious about their potential impact on stamp preservation. Continued advancements in gum formulation and preservation techniques are expected to address the challenges posed by self-adhesive gum, ensuring the longevity and value of these stamps in the future.
Quote:
“The evolution of self-adhesive stamps has transformed stamp collecting, but the challenges of gum removal and preservation remain at the forefront of philatelic concerns.” – Stamp Collectors Magazine
Gum and Health Risks
While gum may seem harmless on postage stamps, it can actually pose health risks due to the potential transmission of bacteria and viruses. A study conducted in the UK in 1965 revealed that gummed paper from postage stamps can harbor bacteria and viruses, raising concerns about the handling of gummed stamps.
Careless handling, such as licking stamps without hesitation, can expose individuals to these potentially harmful pathogens. Although the risk of infection through gummed stamps is generally low, it is still important to be aware of the potential health risks associated with handling them. It is recommended to handle stamps with caution and take appropriate measures to minimize the risk of exposure to bacteria and viruses.
The issue of health risks associated with gummed paper was even highlighted in a popular sitcom episode, further raising awareness about the potential hazards that can be present on gummed stamps.
The Future of Gum in Stamp Production
The use of gum in stamp production has come a long way since the invention of the postage stamp in 1837. Advancements in gum formulation have greatly improved the quality and durability of gum used on stamps, making them more adhesive and long-lasting. However, despite these advancements, preservation challenges such as cracking, curling, and discoloration still persist.
Stamp collectors and philatelists continue to seek stamps with full, undamaged original gum, as they are highly valued in the market. Mint, never-hinged stamps with full original gum are in high demand. However, the preservation challenges posed by gum may eventually lead to the exploration of alternative methods for affixing stamps to envelopes.
The future of gum in stamp production is uncertain, but ongoing research and development are focused on finding solutions to the preservation challenges. New technologies and materials are being explored to improve the gumming process and enhance stamp preservation. The goal is to provide collectors and enthusiasts with stamps that maintain their integrity and value over time.
